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保險(xiǎn)碩士論文大全11篇

時(shí)間:2023-03-21 17:08:33

緒論:寫作既是個(gè)人情感的抒發(fā),也是對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)真理的探索,歡迎閱讀由發(fā)表云整理的11篇保險(xiǎn)碩士論文范文,希望它們能為您的寫作提供參考和啟發(fā)。

保險(xiǎn)碩士論文

篇(1)

 

從當(dāng)前制度設(shè)計(jì)上看,我國(guó)初步形成了較全面的多層次的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)體系,構(gòu)建了較完備的醫(yī)療保障框架,低保群體“看病難、看病貴”問題得到一定程度的緩解。碩士論文,醫(yī)療保障。但在實(shí)踐過程中,低保群體最容易滑入醫(yī)療“貧困陷阱”,“因病致貧、因病返貧”現(xiàn)象也是屢見不鮮。碩士論文,醫(yī)療保障。

一、低保群體醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的基本狀況及分析

現(xiàn)以豐城市原始調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)為依據(jù),分析我國(guó)低保群體的基本狀況及低保群體醫(yī)療保障體系中存在的問題。

1.調(diào)查基本情況與初步分析

我們共調(diào)查了豐城市100戶低保家庭,城市和農(nóng)村各50戶。(1)年齡結(jié)構(gòu):低保群體多數(shù)是中老年人,60歲以上高達(dá)38%。說(shuō)明低保群體老齡化問題相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重,給國(guó)家?guī)?lái)低保救濟(jì)和老人供養(yǎng)的雙重壓力。碩士論文,醫(yī)療保障。碩士論文,醫(yī)療保障。(2)致貧原因:致使他們成為低保戶的原因,主要是常年性的低收入;其次是其他原因,如家庭主勞動(dòng)力早逝、下崗、家園遭受自然災(zāi)害等;然后是多年重病和傷殘。(3)月人均收入:低保戶的月人均收入主要在100至300元之間,其中大部分來(lái)自政府發(fā)放的低保金及子女給予的贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)。然而,這只能維持他們的基本生活,若遇到疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),他們將陷入巨大困境,甚至失去基本的生活保障。(4)年人均醫(yī)療費(fèi)用:在100戶被調(diào)查低保戶中,有一半以上的被調(diào)查者的年平均醫(yī)療費(fèi)用在500元左右,超過四分之一的被調(diào)查者的年平均醫(yī)療費(fèi)用超過1000元,其中有三戶超過5000元以上。

2.存在的問題:(1)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用報(bào)銷比例低,難以解決低保群體“看病貴”的問題。在調(diào)查的100戶中,平均每年的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支出在1000元左右,而這些醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支出是在城鎮(zhèn)基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、新農(nóng)合和城鄉(xiāng)療救助報(bào)銷之外的。據(jù)被調(diào)查的低保戶反映,其醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的報(bào)銷比例在40%~60%之間。對(duì)于大部分的低保戶來(lái)說(shuō),這部分報(bào)銷之外的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用是一個(gè)沉重的負(fù)擔(dān),占其生活總支出的35%以上。(2)報(bào)銷范圍過小,只能在定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院才能報(bào)銷。報(bào)銷醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的范圍僅僅局限于國(guó)家規(guī)定的醫(yī)藥目錄,很多疾病的相關(guān)治療藥物被排除在報(bào)銷范圍之外。低保戶普遍反映不住院就不能報(bào)銷醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,而住院各項(xiàng)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用又比外面一些診所貴,即使報(bào)銷了一些費(fèi)用也不劃算。在豐城,定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院偏少,僅有豐城市人民醫(yī)院、豐城市中醫(yī)院以及豐城市紅十字會(huì)醫(yī)院三家是醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院,對(duì)于地理位置相對(duì)偏僻的地方,特別是農(nóng)村地區(qū)來(lái)說(shuō),“看病難”問題十分突出。碩士論文,醫(yī)療保障。(3)報(bào)銷手續(xù)過于繁雜,報(bào)銷花費(fèi)時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),低保戶對(duì)現(xiàn)行醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)體制不滿意的一個(gè)主要原因是手續(xù)太多、程序太繁,他們希望政府能簡(jiǎn)化手續(xù),減少程序。比如,豐城市的醫(yī)療救助首先要向居(村)委會(huì)申請(qǐng),然后通過鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、縣市民政以及醫(yī)保、新農(nóng)合等相關(guān)部門的審核,手續(xù)繁瑣,審批時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)多月。

二、政府為低保群體采購(gòu)商業(yè)醫(yī)保的政策設(shè)計(jì)

1.模式借鑒:(1)江蘇江陰模式:自01年起江陰的農(nóng)村醫(yī)保就由太平洋保險(xiǎn)公司江陰支行管理,實(shí)行27元保費(fèi),2萬(wàn)元補(bǔ)償?shù)姆桨福?梢詮尼t(yī)?;鹬刑崛?0%的管理費(fèi),征繳、管理、監(jiān)督三權(quán)分立。(2)河南新鄉(xiāng)模式:自04年起河南新鄉(xiāng)的新農(nóng)合作就委托中國(guó)人壽保險(xiǎn)公司新鄉(xiāng)分公司管理,當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)壽提取的管理費(fèi)為保費(fèi)的1%,07年為2%。2008年新鄉(xiāng)開始將城鎮(zhèn)居民和職工基本醫(yī)保委托給壽保公司經(jīng)辦或部分經(jīng)辦。

2.政策設(shè)計(jì)及建議:(1)政府通過招標(biāo)方式引入商保競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制,與實(shí)力雄厚,專業(yè)化水平高的保險(xiǎn)公司合作,將低保群體的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)循序漸進(jìn)地委托給商保公司管理,由商保公司根據(jù)各地的實(shí)際情況采集原始數(shù)據(jù)并通過精算確定保費(fèi)率及補(bǔ)償額。(2)實(shí)行“征、管、監(jiān)”分離制度,政府負(fù)責(zé)醫(yī)保方案制定和出臺(tái)相關(guān)政策等工作;民政部門負(fù)責(zé)資金籌集,向保險(xiǎn)公司支付保費(fèi)和監(jiān)督等工作;保險(xiǎn)公司以第三方管理者的身份,受托承辦低保群體醫(yī)保運(yùn)行管理中的報(bào)銷,結(jié)算和審核等工作。(3)政府規(guī)定保險(xiǎn)公司可以從醫(yī)保基金中提取1%—10%的管理費(fèi)用,具體比例由各地根據(jù)實(shí)際情況確定。(4)政府將低保群體的醫(yī)?;饎潛艿奖kU(xiǎn)公司專項(xiàng)賬戶,采用信托方式運(yùn)作,實(shí)現(xiàn)醫(yī)?;鸷驼渌Y金的有效隔離。保險(xiǎn)公司按照收支兩條線統(tǒng)一管理,實(shí)現(xiàn)專項(xiàng)資金和分公司其他費(fèi)用分開核算。

三、政府為低保群體采購(gòu)商業(yè)醫(yī)保的政策論證

1.政策成本分析:09年我國(guó)低???cè)藬?shù)為7107萬(wàn)人,根據(jù)豐城市的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),低保戶期望的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用報(bào)銷比例為80%,每人平均每年醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支出約為1000元,則

總成本:71.07億元

低保戶期望報(bào)銷額:56.856億元(71.07×80%)。

其中:城鎮(zhèn)基本醫(yī)保和新農(nóng)合負(fù)擔(dān)額:28.428億元(56.856×50%)(50%為全國(guó)平均水平)

其他補(bǔ)充,如城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助等負(fù)擔(dān)額:17.0568億元(56.856×30%)

商業(yè)醫(yī)保負(fù)擔(dān)額:11.3712億元(56.856×20%)

即政府實(shí)行為低保群體采購(gòu)商業(yè)醫(yī)保的政策,共需籌集資金11.3712億元,此即為其政策成本。

2.政府財(cái)政可承受性分析

低保戶自繳保費(fèi):0.94547億元(城市2347.7萬(wàn)人×20元/人=0.46954億元;農(nóng)村4759.3萬(wàn)人×10元/人=0.47593億元)。

政府因引入為低保群體采購(gòu)商業(yè)醫(yī)保政策后,可以精簡(jiǎn)政府機(jī)構(gòu),減少工作人員,節(jié)省財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi):按河南新鄉(xiāng)模式,工作人員由544人減少到50人,財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)由千萬(wàn)以上較少到不過150萬(wàn)元,可測(cè)算節(jié)省額至少有2億元。

政府因引入為低保群體采購(gòu)商業(yè)醫(yī)保政策后,可以降低不合理的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支出:按江蘇江陰模式,不合理的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用從一般水平的30%下降到了15%,可以測(cè)算節(jié)省額至少有1千萬(wàn)元。

其他,如社會(huì)慈善捐助:1億元。碩士論文,醫(yī)療保障。

則政府財(cái)政還需負(fù)擔(dān)7.32573億元。

可設(shè)計(jì),中央財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)60%:4.395438億元;地方財(cái)政(省級(jí))負(fù)擔(dān)40%:2.930292億元。

《醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體制改革近期重點(diǎn)實(shí)施方案(2009—2011年)》測(cè)算2009—2011年各級(jí)政府投入8500億元。因而政府因引入為低保群體采購(gòu)商業(yè)醫(yī)保政策后由政府財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)的7.32573億元,可以得到確實(shí)保障。

參考文獻(xiàn):

篇(2)

企業(yè)管理思想進(jìn)步到當(dāng)下的階段,很難想象一家沒有上馬企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)或SAP(Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing)的公司是如何將物資資源管理(物流)、人力資源管理(人流)、財(cái)務(wù)資源管理(現(xiàn)金流)、信息資源管理(信息流)等集成一體化,進(jìn)而推進(jìn)生產(chǎn)、營(yíng)銷、供應(yīng)、人力、資金等業(yè)務(wù)互相融合而順暢運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。當(dāng)今企業(yè)在信息化方面面臨的問題不是爭(zhēng)論ERP的必要性,也不是討論ERP的可行性,而是糾結(jié)于對(duì)ERP產(chǎn)生的海量數(shù)據(jù)如何進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的收集、加工、處理。因?yàn)槭占臄?shù)據(jù)多到無(wú)法甄別哪些是對(duì)決策有效的。

企業(yè)建立一套旨在全方位提升管理廣度和深度的管理信息系統(tǒng)是必需的:利用統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃的數(shù)據(jù)集成,以全面預(yù)算為主導(dǎo),以產(chǎn)品生命周期管理為核心,以資金為主線,整合財(cái)務(wù)、人事、營(yíng)銷、科研、生產(chǎn)等管理職能,重組優(yōu)化業(yè)務(wù)流程,連接信息孤島,建立關(guān)鍵內(nèi)部控制點(diǎn),極大改善組織內(nèi)部的信息不對(duì)稱,大幅降低管理成本,有效地防范和控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是,國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀是大部分企業(yè)正在運(yùn)行的管理信息系統(tǒng)主要功能仍舊停留在處理大量的日常業(yè)務(wù)流程上,僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了中層管理的功能,并未上升到支持決策的高度。本文嘗試通過對(duì)決策支持系統(tǒng)(Decision Support System,以下簡(jiǎn)稱“DSS”)運(yùn)行原理、特點(diǎn)和功能的闡述,結(jié)合企業(yè)實(shí)際,充分利用已成熟運(yùn)行的通用ERP并以此為基礎(chǔ),模擬建立DSS的實(shí)施方案。

一、DSS的原理、特點(diǎn)和功能

20世紀(jì)70年代中期,美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院的米切爾?S?斯科特(Michael S.Scott)和彼德?G?W?基恩(Peter G.W.Keen)首次提出了“DSS”一詞。DSS通過數(shù)據(jù)、模型和知識(shí),以人機(jī)交互方式進(jìn)行半結(jié)構(gòu)化或非結(jié)構(gòu)化決策的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),為決策者提供分析問題、建立模型、模擬決策過程和方案的環(huán)境,調(diào)用各種信息資源和分析輔助決策工具,幫助決策者提高決策水平和質(zhì)量(張茜,2006)。DSS是管理信息系統(tǒng)(Management Information System,MIS)向更高一級(jí)的發(fā)展,標(biāo)志著利用計(jì)算機(jī)與信息支持決策的研究與應(yīng)用進(jìn)入了嶄新的階段,并形成了決策支持系統(tǒng)新學(xué)科(王劍東,2003;萬(wàn)林,2008)。

DSS的特點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在:(1)DSS的交互性表現(xiàn)在通過管理者同系統(tǒng)之間的多次對(duì)話,使決策得以完成;(2)DSS解決的問題屬于半結(jié)構(gòu)化或非結(jié)構(gòu)化問題;(3)系統(tǒng)具有專門的結(jié)構(gòu)存儲(chǔ)和研究備用的模型及方法,提供模型的比較、聯(lián)結(jié)和合成的功能;(4)DSS只是起輔助決策的作用,并不完全取代管理者的判斷,應(yīng)當(dāng)讓管理者處于主動(dòng)地位;(5)DSS應(yīng)當(dāng)便于學(xué)習(xí)、使用和修改,因而要對(duì)用戶的需求進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)性的分析,做到及時(shí)完善DSS的各種功能(遲殿委,2008;徐強(qiáng),2008)。DSS的應(yīng)用原理體現(xiàn)了決策支持系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)的演變:DSS初期是利用數(shù)據(jù)資料(數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)DB) 和模型資源(模型庫(kù)MB)支持決策,發(fā)展到IDSS利用知識(shí)資源 (方法庫(kù)MEB)和模型資源(模型庫(kù)MB)結(jié)合支持決策,再到利用數(shù)據(jù)資源(數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)DW)支持決策。這樣,決策支持系統(tǒng)概念就更明確為:針對(duì)決策問題,利用決策資源(數(shù)據(jù)、模型、知識(shí)等)(侯少然,2010)進(jìn)行組合和集成,建立解決方案;通過方案的模型計(jì)算、知識(shí)推理、多維數(shù)據(jù)分析以及方案的修改,逐步逼近解決決策問題的系統(tǒng)。

數(shù)據(jù)資源(數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)與數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù))、模型資源和知識(shí)資源在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上都是共享資源。決策支持系統(tǒng)就在于如何有效地利用這些決策資源,針對(duì)決策問題,把決策資源有機(jī)地組合成解決方案,既可以建立多個(gè)方案,又可以修改方案,再通過大量的計(jì)算或推理,最終達(dá)到支持決策的效果(張胤杰,2009)。DSS所實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能主要表現(xiàn)在:(1)管理并隨時(shí)提供與決策問題有關(guān)的組織內(nèi)部和外部消息;(2)收集、管理并提供各項(xiàng)決策方案執(zhí)行情況的反饋信息,例如訂貨單、合同執(zhí)行進(jìn)程、物料供應(yīng)計(jì)劃的落實(shí)情況、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的完成情況等;(3)能以一定的方式存儲(chǔ)和管理與決策問題有關(guān)的各種數(shù)學(xué)模型,例如定價(jià)模型、庫(kù)存控制模型與生產(chǎn)調(diào)度模型等;(4)能夠存儲(chǔ)并提供常用的數(shù)學(xué)方法(張世芳,2006),例如回歸分析方法、線性規(guī)劃、最短路徑法等;(5)數(shù)據(jù)、模型與方法能容易地修改和添加,例如數(shù)據(jù)模式的變更、模型的連接或修改、算法的修改等(王劍東,2003;孫艷勝,2007);(6)具有方便的人機(jī)對(duì)話和圖像輸出功能,能滿足隨機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)查詢要求,回答“if…what…”之類的問題(馮罡,2003;孫艷勝,2007)。

二、DSS的總體框架和表現(xiàn)方式

DSS的總體框架是:將來(lái)源于不同子系統(tǒng)、不同管理軟件的數(shù)據(jù)收集于數(shù)據(jù)集成平臺(tái)或數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù),選取各項(xiàng)決策分析主題的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo),注入事先建立的數(shù)學(xué)模型,最終生成可進(jìn)行人機(jī)對(duì)話、不斷修改決策變量的結(jié)果。其系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃包含以下幾個(gè)方面:

1.數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源:可讀取多種格式(如Excel、Access、以Tab分割的txt和固定長(zhǎng)的txt等)的文件,同時(shí)可讀取關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) (對(duì)應(yīng)ODBC)中的數(shù)據(jù)。使用報(bào)表管理平臺(tái)進(jìn)行所需數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)表的上傳收集,財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于財(cái)務(wù)核算軟件,經(jīng)營(yíng)和項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于合同管理、PDM產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)作業(yè)管理軟件等,人力資源數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于人員信息、薪酬統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件等,其他未能進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)可考慮通過平面文件的形式進(jìn)行采集。通過數(shù)據(jù)整合平臺(tái)建立數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù),裝載來(lái)源于各個(gè)系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù),包括歷史數(shù)據(jù)的一次性裝入、日常發(fā)生數(shù)據(jù)的定時(shí)抽取。

2.分析主題:構(gòu)成決策支持系統(tǒng)的重要分析內(nèi)容,按照管理者的思維邏輯建立跨流程、跨職能的主題和分析路徑,對(duì)重要經(jīng)營(yíng)管理問題和要素進(jìn)行深入分析,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)影響企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)和管理的問題所在。考慮初步建立財(cái)務(wù)主題、營(yíng)銷主題、項(xiàng)目主題、關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)等幾部分。

3.決策模型:決策模型是決策支持系統(tǒng)的重要分析基礎(chǔ),為企業(yè)管理者提供輔助決策的科學(xué)管理工具,包括成本預(yù)算模擬、現(xiàn)金流模擬預(yù)測(cè)、盈利模擬預(yù)測(cè)等。

4.門戶表示:是專門為企業(yè)管理者和決策者設(shè)計(jì)的觀察企業(yè)的窗口,提供整個(gè)決策支持系統(tǒng)的展示界面,包括智能分析、模擬預(yù)測(cè)、績(jī)效管理等多種展現(xiàn)形式與門戶集成。所需要的輸出被顯示出來(lái)時(shí),進(jìn)行定型登錄,自動(dòng)將所要的列表、視圖和圖表顯示出來(lái)。

三、DSS的財(cái)務(wù)實(shí)施方案

DSS的財(cái)務(wù)主題部分是本文討論的重點(diǎn),其實(shí)施方案立足于從時(shí)間跨度(年度、季度、月度)、項(xiàng)目類型(研究、開發(fā)、制造)、決策深度(作業(yè)層、戰(zhàn)術(shù)層、戰(zhàn)略層)等不同維度進(jìn)行趨勢(shì)分析、結(jié)構(gòu)分析、因素分析,通過這樣一個(gè)路徑完成由低端財(cái)務(wù)分析向高端輔助決策支持的過渡。實(shí)施方案的對(duì)象包括:收入成本分析(收入構(gòu)成、趨勢(shì)、預(yù)算執(zhí)行、費(fèi)用趨勢(shì)、費(fèi)用構(gòu)成等)、利潤(rùn)分析(利潤(rùn)因素、敏感性)、資金分析(資金協(xié)調(diào)性、貸款、融資成本)和綜合評(píng)價(jià)(經(jīng)營(yíng)指標(biāo)考核、五能力綜合評(píng)價(jià))。

實(shí)施方案必須注入以下因子:分析范圍(集團(tuán)內(nèi)部關(guān)聯(lián)方、集團(tuán)外部競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手、國(guó)外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手等);分析角度(全周期項(xiàng)目預(yù)算、年度財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)算、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)營(yíng)預(yù)測(cè)、人力資源投入等);分析指標(biāo)(絕對(duì)數(shù)、相對(duì)數(shù),橫向比較、縱向比較);數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源;分析周期;分析內(nèi)容。

四、財(cái)務(wù)決策模型的導(dǎo)入

決策支持系統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)應(yīng)用的最終目的聚焦在綜合評(píng)價(jià),無(wú)論是討論重大項(xiàng)目的取舍還是輔助企業(yè)的整體決策,主要包括兩部分內(nèi)容:經(jīng)營(yíng)指標(biāo)考核和五能力綜合評(píng)價(jià)。

目前大部分企業(yè)對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)管理軟件的使用,依舊停留在賬務(wù)處理階段,軟件本身對(duì)收集的數(shù)據(jù)不加工、不處理、不分析。如果從最基礎(chǔ)的財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)分析入手進(jìn)行適當(dāng)改進(jìn),那么對(duì)于決策層而言可增強(qiáng)財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的可理解性和拓展性,對(duì)于財(cái)務(wù)人員而言可提高操作的可行性,都是受益匪淺的。財(cái)務(wù)分析包括盈利能力(收益力,總資產(chǎn)報(bào)酬率、凈資產(chǎn)收益率、主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)利潤(rùn)率、銷售凈利潤(rùn)率、成本費(fèi)用利潤(rùn)率)、償債能力(安定力,流動(dòng)比率、速動(dòng)比率、資產(chǎn)負(fù)債率、利息保障倍數(shù)、所有者(股東)權(quán)益比率)、運(yùn)營(yíng)能力(活動(dòng)力,總資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)率、固定資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)率、流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)周轉(zhuǎn)率、應(yīng)收賬款周轉(zhuǎn)率、存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率)、發(fā)展能力(成長(zhǎng)力,主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入增長(zhǎng)率、資本積累率、總資產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)率)和生產(chǎn)能力(生產(chǎn)力,人均主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入、人均凈利潤(rùn)、人均資產(chǎn)總額)五部分(即五力),通常以完整、真實(shí)、及時(shí)的財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)為起點(diǎn),借助不同的財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行詮釋。大部分企業(yè)通過對(duì)正在運(yùn)行的財(cái)務(wù)管理信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母倪M(jìn),就足以在完成指標(biāo)計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)上提供簡(jiǎn)單的財(cái)務(wù)分析報(bào)告。

計(jì)算完成后,進(jìn)一步引入由哈佛大學(xué)商學(xué)院邁克爾?波特(Michael Porter)于1979年提出的,現(xiàn)今被廣泛應(yīng)用于全球企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略決策的五力模型,該五力模型對(duì)決策層更加清晰、透徹地了解企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)和發(fā)展前景的幫助是顯著的。

綜上所述,決策支持系統(tǒng)作為新興的信息技術(shù),能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)提供各類決策信息以及許多商業(yè)問題的解決方案,從而減輕了管理者從事低層次信息處理和分析的負(fù)擔(dān),使得他們專注于更需要決策智慧和行業(yè)積累的工作,實(shí)現(xiàn)了決策質(zhì)量和效率的提升(侯少然,2010)。雖然DSS在國(guó)內(nèi)大部分企業(yè)的開發(fā)與應(yīng)用依然處于初級(jí)階段,決策本身是復(fù)雜的、變化的、綜合的,但以ERP為基礎(chǔ)對(duì)DSS的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)是可行的,成功是可以預(yù)見的。

(作者為CPA、會(huì)計(jì)師、上海財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士研究生)

參考文獻(xiàn)

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篇(3)

在《最高人民法院公報(bào)》公布的裁判文書中,以下兩個(gè)案例最具有代表意義:(一)楊某訴某公司人身?yè)p害賠償糾紛案①。(二)李某訴某公司、某學(xué)校人身?yè)p害賠償糾紛案②。人民法院判決認(rèn)定,在案件(一)中,某公司職工在工作中違規(guī)作業(yè),從高處拋擲鋼管,將正在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作的楊某頭部砸傷,導(dǎo)致重度顱腦外傷、外傷性尿崩癥等四級(jí)傷殘。在案件(二)中,實(shí)習(xí)生李某被實(shí)習(xí)地的機(jī)械設(shè)備壓傷右手,造成右手第2-5指完全斷離,經(jīng)過治療,接上了食指和中指,經(jīng)司法鑒定,其右手傷殘等級(jí)相當(dāng)于道路交通事故九級(jí)傷殘。

二、案件的爭(zhēng)議焦點(diǎn)

案件(一):因用人單位以外的第三人造成勞動(dòng)者人身?yè)p害,構(gòu)成工傷的,勞動(dòng)者在獲得用人單位工傷保險(xiǎn)賠償后,又向侵權(quán)人提起人身?yè)p害賠償訴訟,請(qǐng)求判令侵權(quán)人承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任的,是否應(yīng)當(dāng)予以支持。案件(二):(1)實(shí)習(xí)生在實(shí)習(xí)單位工作中,在工作時(shí)間、工作場(chǎng)所因工作原因受到傷害的,自身存在一般性過錯(cuò),是否能減輕實(shí)習(xí)單位的賠償責(zé)任;(2)學(xué)校應(yīng)就實(shí)習(xí)生在實(shí)習(xí)中的安全和權(quán)益依法提供必要的保障,學(xué)校未對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)單位盡到必要督促義務(wù)的,是否應(yīng)根據(jù)其過錯(cuò)程度對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)生的損害后果承擔(dān)相應(yīng)法律責(zé)任。

三、勞動(dòng)關(guān)系中人身侵權(quán)的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

勞動(dòng)關(guān)系中的人身?yè)p害賠償案件作為一種人身侵權(quán)的案件,侵權(quán)行為、損害后果、因果關(guān)系、行為人的過錯(cuò)都是需要證明和認(rèn)定的事實(shí)。(一)存在侵權(quán)行為責(zé)任產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)是侵權(quán)行為,侵權(quán)行為既包括因行為人的過錯(cuò)而導(dǎo)致的侵權(quán)行為,還包括違反法律規(guī)定的義務(wù)而產(chǎn)生的責(zé)任。因此,侵權(quán)行為是指民事主體違反民事義務(wù),侵害他人合法權(quán)益,依法應(yīng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的行為。勞動(dòng)關(guān)系的存在是產(chǎn)生法定責(zé)任的前提。在案件(一)中,用人單位以外第三人違規(guī)作業(yè)是造成楊某受傷的直接原因。在案件(二)中,某公司對(duì)李某沒有盡到安全保障義務(wù)導(dǎo)致李某受傷。(二)當(dāng)事人存在過錯(cuò)在人身?yè)p害賠償案件中,按照一般侵權(quán)賠償?shù)睦碚?,侵?quán)人承擔(dān)的是過錯(cuò)責(zé)任,即侵權(quán)人根據(jù)其過錯(cuò)程度來(lái)承擔(dān)相對(duì)應(yīng)的賠償責(zé)任,因此過錯(cuò)認(rèn)定至關(guān)重要。在案件(一)中,某公司職工在工作過程中違規(guī)作業(yè),從高處拋擲鋼管,將正在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作的楊某頭部砸傷,導(dǎo)致重度顱腦外傷、外傷性尿崩癥等,經(jīng)鑒定為四級(jí)傷殘,很明顯某公司違規(guī)作業(yè),存在過錯(cuò)。在案件(二)中,李某作為具有完全民事行為能力的成年人,又經(jīng)過相關(guān)的專業(yè)培訓(xùn),對(duì)設(shè)備的操作應(yīng)具有一定的認(rèn)知,但是李某沒有遵循正確操作規(guī)程,在無(wú)專業(yè)人員陪同下自行更換模具,對(duì)損害后果的發(fā)生負(fù)有一定的過錯(cuò),并且李某尚在實(shí)習(xí)期沒有獨(dú)自操作機(jī)器的能力,公司應(yīng)當(dāng)安排但沒有安排師傅在旁指導(dǎo),因此某公司對(duì)李某受傷也存在過錯(cuò)。(三)人身?yè)p害結(jié)果損害結(jié)果,是行為客觀上對(duì)他人的財(cái)產(chǎn)或人身造成的損害。損害結(jié)果既包括財(cái)產(chǎn)損失,也包括人身?yè)p失,如死亡、人身傷害、精神損害等。在案件(一)中,楊某被砸傷頭部,導(dǎo)致重度顱腦外傷、外傷性尿崩癥等損傷。在案件(二)中,原告李某在更換模具過程中被機(jī)器截?cái)嗥溆沂值?-5指。(四)因果關(guān)系因果關(guān)系,即原因在先,結(jié)果在后,二者的關(guān)系屬于引起和被引起的關(guān)系,即一種現(xiàn)象在一定條件下必然引起另一種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,這兩種現(xiàn)象之間的聯(lián)系,就稱為因果關(guān)系。在案件(一)中,楊某的損害是因?yàn)槟彻締T工的違規(guī)作業(yè)造成的,很明顯受害人的損害與加害人的損害行為存在必然的因果關(guān)系。在案件(二)中,李某操作不當(dāng)受傷,雖然師傅在場(chǎng)也不一定能避免,但與某公司未盡到安全保障義務(wù)還是有一定因果關(guān)系。

四、賠償問題

一方當(dāng)事人簽訂正式勞動(dòng)合同,在工作中受到人身侵害,滿足工傷條件的既可以請(qǐng)求工傷賠償,也可以請(qǐng)求第三人賠償。工傷賠償,是基于勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn)關(guān)系而產(chǎn)生;而工傷事故又被評(píng)價(jià)為民事侵權(quán)行為,因此就產(chǎn)生了人身侵權(quán)損害賠償法律關(guān)系。兩種法律關(guān)系并存,兩種賠償方式并存,受害人可以一并行使。實(shí)習(xí)生實(shí)習(xí)期間受到人身?yè)p害的,可以請(qǐng)求實(shí)習(xí)單位和學(xué)校賠償。實(shí)習(xí)單位對(duì)在其工作場(chǎng)所工作的人員都負(fù)有安全保障義務(wù),因此對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)生遭受的損害負(fù)有一定的賠償責(zé)任。實(shí)習(xí)生雖然在實(shí)習(xí)單位工作但其身份仍然是學(xué)生,被學(xué)校所管理,是在執(zhí)行學(xué)校的安排,因此學(xué)校對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)生的損害也負(fù)有一定的責(zé)任。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]楊建軍.合同履行中的人身侵權(quán)及民事責(zé)任[J].環(huán)球法律評(píng)論,2009(1).

[2]姜耀輝.實(shí)學(xué)生人身傷害的法律保障研究[D].中南大學(xué)碩士論文,2013.

篇(4)

2016年招生簡(jiǎn)章

浙江大學(xué)是教育部直屬、省部共建的普通高等學(xué)校,是首批進(jìn)入國(guó)家“211工程”和“985工程”建設(shè)的若干所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)之一。浙江大學(xué)前身求是書院成立于1897年,為中國(guó)人自己最早創(chuàng)辦的新式高等學(xué)府之一。1952年,在全國(guó)高等院校調(diào)整時(shí),曾被分為多所單科性學(xué)校,部分系科并入兄弟高校。1998年,同根同源的浙江大學(xué)、杭州大學(xué)、浙江農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)、浙江醫(yī)科大學(xué)合并組建新的浙江大學(xué)。經(jīng)過一百多年的建設(shè)與發(fā)展,學(xué)校已成為一所基礎(chǔ)堅(jiān)實(shí)、實(shí)力雄厚,特色鮮明,居于國(guó)內(nèi)一流水平,在國(guó)際上有較大影響的研究型、綜合型大學(xué)。

為幫助在職人員進(jìn)一步適應(yīng)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)發(fā)展、法治建設(shè)需要,幫助學(xué)員掌握更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的法學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ),提高運(yùn)用法學(xué)理論解決實(shí)際問題的能力,浙江大學(xué)光華法學(xué)院決定在學(xué)院本部開設(shè)憲法學(xué)與行政法學(xué)、民商法學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)法學(xué)、刑法學(xué)、國(guó)際法學(xué)專業(yè)研究生課程班。

一、招生對(duì)象與條件

參加同等學(xué)力申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位在職研究生班學(xué)習(xí)的在職人員,需符合下列條件與要求:

1. 堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則,熱愛祖國(guó),遵紀(jì)守法,品行端正,身體健康;

2. 具有本科及以上學(xué)歷, 欲申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位者需在取得學(xué)士學(xué)位滿一年后方可報(bào)名。

二、報(bào)名方式及時(shí)間

1. 報(bào)名時(shí)間:即日起報(bào)名,每班人數(shù)為60名;

2. 報(bào)名地點(diǎn):浙江大學(xué)光華法學(xué)院2號(hào)樓112室(杭州市之江路51號(hào)),郵編:310008;

3. 報(bào)名時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)提交下列材料:(1)學(xué)歷證書、學(xué)士學(xué)位證書原件及復(fù)印件各1份;(2)1寸免冠照片和2寸免冠照片各2張;(3)報(bào)名登記表(需加蓋單位公章)。

4.上課地點(diǎn):a,、杭州市之江路51號(hào)浙江大學(xué)之江校區(qū) (杭州班)

b、溫州市浙江工貿(mào)學(xué)院1號(hào)樓(溫州班)

三、錄取事項(xiàng)

1. 錄取審查:由浙江大學(xué)光華法學(xué)院和浙江大學(xué)研究生院共同進(jìn)行錄取資格審查;

2. 正式錄取及學(xué)費(fèi)收取:凡審查合格者,發(fā)入學(xué)交費(fèi)通知。學(xué)員依據(jù)通知規(guī)定,入學(xué)前完成交費(fèi)。

四、學(xué)習(xí)年限及收費(fèi)

1. 學(xué)習(xí)年限兩年。按規(guī)定學(xué)時(shí)面授,充分利用在職人員業(yè)余時(shí)間;

2. 學(xué)費(fèi):21000元,資料費(fèi)1000元。(民商法學(xué)方向)

學(xué)費(fèi):21000元,資料費(fèi)1000元。(公司與金融法方向)

學(xué)費(fèi):21000元,資料費(fèi)1000元。(刑法學(xué)方向)

學(xué)費(fèi):21000元,資料費(fèi)1000元。(經(jīng)濟(jì)法學(xué)方向)

五、主要專業(yè)方向及課程

民商法學(xué):法學(xué)前沿(含刑事法學(xué))、民法總論、債權(quán)法學(xué)、商法學(xué)(金融法、票據(jù)法、公司法、保險(xiǎn)法等)、民事訴訟與仲裁法、國(guó)際法學(xué)、碩士生英語(yǔ)、民商法專題、民事法律與特別法、法律行為專題、刑事法專題、行政法專題、商事案例研習(xí)、服務(wù)合同專題、侵權(quán)案例研習(xí)、票據(jù)法專題。

公司與金融法:法學(xué)前沿、民法總論、債權(quán)法學(xué)、商法、金融法、票據(jù)法、公司法、股權(quán)投資法、證券期貨法、保險(xiǎn)法、銀行法、碩士生英語(yǔ)、投資基金法、信托法、國(guó)際金融法、金融刑法、行政法(金融監(jiān)管)、房地產(chǎn)法、民事訴訟與仲裁、貨幣金融專題、證券投資專題。

刑法學(xué):法學(xué)前沿、碩士生英語(yǔ)、法學(xué)方法論、刑法原理、各罪研究、民法總論、國(guó)際刑法、證據(jù)法學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論、犯罪學(xué)專題、刑事訴訟法專題、刑事偵查與司法鑒定專題、行政法專題等。

經(jīng)濟(jì)法學(xué):法學(xué)前沿、碩士生英語(yǔ)、法學(xué)方法論、經(jīng)濟(jì)法專題、商法專題、行政法專題、民法專題、刑法專題、訴訟法專題、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法研究、金融法研究、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法、勞動(dòng)法學(xué)、環(huán)境法研究、財(cái)稅法、企業(yè)法等。

六、結(jié)業(yè)與學(xué)位申請(qǐng)

1. 進(jìn)修學(xué)員按專業(yè)培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃完成課程學(xué)習(xí),考核或考試合格,發(fā)給浙江大學(xué)研究生課程結(jié)業(yè)證書;

2. 獲得浙江大學(xué)研究生課程結(jié)業(yè)證書,具有學(xué)士學(xué)位并通過全國(guó)以同等學(xué)力申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位外語(yǔ)統(tǒng)一考試與法學(xué)綜合課考試者,通過浙江大學(xué)以同等學(xué)力申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位資格審查,進(jìn)入碩士論文階段,碩士論文答辯通過,授予浙江大學(xué)法學(xué)碩士學(xué)位。

【聯(lián)系電話】 010-51656177 010-51651981

篇(5)

【中圖分類號(hào)】F752

一、服務(wù)貿(mào)易的定義

服務(wù)貿(mào)易是一國(guó)的法人或自然人在其境內(nèi)或進(jìn)入他國(guó)境內(nèi)向其他締約方提供服務(wù)的貿(mào)易行為。烏拉圭回合協(xié)議把服務(wù)貿(mào)易描述為:(1)從一締約方境內(nèi)向任何其他締約方提供服務(wù);(2)在一締約方境內(nèi)向任何其他締約方消費(fèi)者提供服務(wù);(3)一締約方在其他任何締約方境內(nèi)提供服務(wù)的商業(yè)存在而提供服務(wù);(4)一締約方的自然人在其他任何締約方境內(nèi)提供服務(wù)。事實(shí)上這里指的是國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易。服務(wù)貿(mào)易有四種提供服務(wù)的交易方式:跨境交付、境外消費(fèi)、商業(yè)存在和自然人流動(dòng)。

二、服務(wù)貿(mào)易的統(tǒng)計(jì)依據(jù)及范圍

我國(guó)的服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)依據(jù)的是2012年8月新修訂的《國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)制度》,該制度采納了聯(lián)合國(guó)等六大國(guó)際組織共同編著的《國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》中所建議的服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)基本框架,統(tǒng)計(jì)范圍主要包括服務(wù)進(jìn)出口統(tǒng)計(jì)、外國(guó)附屬機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)和自然人移動(dòng)統(tǒng)計(jì)三個(gè)方面。在具體操作上,以居民與非居民間的服務(wù)貿(mào)易和通過外國(guó)附屬機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)的服務(wù)貿(mào)易兩條主線進(jìn)行服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)。而對(duì)于自然人移動(dòng)統(tǒng)計(jì),因其范圍難于界定以及可行的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)有限,僅作為服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)的次要組成部分。服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)類別包括運(yùn)輸服務(wù)、旅游服務(wù)、通信服務(wù)、建筑服務(wù)、保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)、金融服務(wù)、計(jì)算機(jī)和信息服務(wù)、專有權(quán)利使用費(fèi)和特許費(fèi)、咨詢、廣告宣傳費(fèi)、電影音像、其他商業(yè)服務(wù)。根據(jù)不同服務(wù)項(xiàng)目的業(yè)務(wù)特點(diǎn),《國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)制度》規(guī)定,服務(wù)貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)采集的方法包括全數(shù)調(diào)查、抽樣調(diào)查、重點(diǎn)調(diào)查、典型調(diào)查和科學(xué)測(cè)算,并利用行政記錄等資料進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。

三、我國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易現(xiàn)狀分析

隨著我國(guó)改革開放的不斷深入,科技發(fā)展的不斷進(jìn)步,我國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易發(fā)展迅速,新的服務(wù)業(yè)不斷出現(xiàn),服務(wù)項(xiàng)目眾多,國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易交換形式各異,貿(mào)易規(guī)模迅速擴(kuò)大,服務(wù)貿(mào)易在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位和作用日益凸顯。本文僅通過服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口數(shù)據(jù)加以分析利用。根據(jù)2015年中國(guó)商務(wù)部和國(guó)家外匯管理局的中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口分項(xiàng)目情況統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),旅游、運(yùn)輸、其他商業(yè)服務(wù)一直是中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口的三大主要類別,咨詢服務(wù)發(fā)展較快,2012年起已超過其他商業(yè)服務(wù)。從服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總量看,2014年中國(guó)服務(wù)進(jìn)出口達(dá)6 043億美元,同比增長(zhǎng)12.6%,占世界比重6.3%。其中:服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口2 222億美元,同比增長(zhǎng)7.6%,占世界比重4.6%;服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口3 821億美元,同比增長(zhǎng)15.8%,占世界比重8.1%。服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于出口,逆差1 599億美元。

服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口快速發(fā)展,平均增速均達(dá)到17.14%。2014年的服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口額6 043億美元與2000年660億美元相比,增加了5 383億美元,年平均增速達(dá)17.14%。其中:服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口額2014年2 222億美元,較2000年301億美元,增加了1 921億美元,年均增速達(dá)15.34%;服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口額2014年3 821億美元,較2000年359億美元,增加了3 462億美元,年平均增速達(dá)18.40%;服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口增速大于出口增速3.06個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。從服務(wù)貿(mào)易各類別的增速看,除通信服務(wù)為7.04%,其余呈現(xiàn)2位數(shù)的增速,其中增速排前三名的是咨詢、金融及計(jì)算機(jī)和信息服務(wù),分別為35.34%、33.33%和30.89%。

(一)長(zhǎng)期占據(jù)服務(wù)貿(mào)易主導(dǎo)地位的傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)貿(mào)易格局逐步被打破

中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)業(yè)――旅游、運(yùn)輸、建筑和其他商業(yè)服務(wù)長(zhǎng)期是中國(guó)服務(wù)貿(mào)易的重要組成部分,2012年以來(lái),咨詢服務(wù)的增長(zhǎng)速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了建筑服務(wù)和其他商業(yè)服務(wù)。2012至2014年排在前三位的旅游、運(yùn)輸和咨詢服務(wù)的進(jìn)出口總額分別占服務(wù)貿(mào)易總量的70.18%、69.74%和70.39%,已經(jīng)打破了傳統(tǒng)旅游、運(yùn)輸和建筑服務(wù)占主導(dǎo)地位的格局。2012~2014年旅游服務(wù)進(jìn)出口總額分別占服務(wù)貿(mào)易總量32.3%、33.4%和36.7%,呈逐年增長(zhǎng)的態(tài)勢(shì),主要是受中國(guó)居民“出境游”持續(xù)升溫的影響。

(二)服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口逆差不斷加大

從服務(wù)貿(mào)易總量看,進(jìn)出均快速增長(zhǎng),但服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)口增速大于出口增速,服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口連年出現(xiàn)逆差,從2000年的逆差57.1億美元增加到2014年的1 599億美元,呈逐年加大態(tài)勢(shì)。特別是從2000年以來(lái),運(yùn)輸、旅游、保險(xiǎn)、專有權(quán)利使用費(fèi)和特許費(fèi)進(jìn)出口差距加大,進(jìn)口服務(wù)遠(yuǎn)大于出口。

(三)服務(wù)貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)不合理

從各服務(wù)貿(mào)易構(gòu)成類別來(lái)看,進(jìn)出口總量較大的仍是旅游、運(yùn)輸、建筑這些勞動(dòng)密集型服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè),通信、保險(xiǎn)、金融、計(jì)算機(jī)與信息服務(wù)、專有權(quán)利服務(wù)、咨詢等技術(shù)密集和知識(shí)密集的行業(yè),盡管有較高增速,但目前這些行業(yè)規(guī)模偏小,仍處于較低發(fā)展水平。

(四)從服務(wù)貿(mào)易類別分析,存在發(fā)展不平衡現(xiàn)象

2014年與2000年相比,服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口總量增加5 383億美元,其中旅游服務(wù)進(jìn)出口凈增加最大為1 923.7億美元中進(jìn)口增加1 516.9億美元,出口增加僅為406.8億美元;運(yùn)輸服務(wù)凈增加1 204.3億美元中進(jìn)口增加858億美元,出口增加僅為346.3億美元,其他像通信、保險(xiǎn)、金融、專用權(quán)利使用費(fèi)和特許費(fèi)、電影音像等均是進(jìn)口大于出口。只有咨詢服務(wù)的凈增加額中出口425.4億美元遠(yuǎn)大于進(jìn)口256.6億美元,建筑、計(jì)算機(jī)和信息服務(wù)、廣告宣傳和其他商業(yè)服務(wù)的凈增加值出口略大于進(jìn)口。

主要參考文獻(xiàn):

篇(6)

關(guān)于財(cái)產(chǎn)的分割,包括有形財(cái)產(chǎn)和無(wú)形財(cái)產(chǎn)。有形財(cái)產(chǎn)的含義基本上沒有爭(zhēng)議,關(guān)鍵是無(wú)形財(cái)產(chǎn)。我國(guó)婚姻法第十七條規(guī)定了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的收益,當(dāng)然也應(yīng)包括對(duì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的分割,其他的無(wú)形財(cái)產(chǎn)還有股權(quán),債券,票據(jù),保險(xiǎn)等,這些也沒有爭(zhēng)議。還有人認(rèn)為謀生技能也算是財(cái)產(chǎn)[1],應(yīng)當(dāng)作為夫妻共同財(cái)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行分割,就未免有些牽強(qiáng)。謀生技能作為一種勞動(dòng)能力,它依附于人身,并且很難用金錢衡量,用馬克思勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值的觀點(diǎn),勞動(dòng)力是沒有價(jià)值的[2],它只會(huì)在勞動(dòng)中創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。所以,把謀生技能也作為財(cái)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行分割,是對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)范圍的不恰當(dāng)?shù)臄U(kuò)大。

很多人認(rèn)為夫妻離婚時(shí)分割的僅僅是夫妻共同所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)[3],我認(rèn)為不然。誠(chéng)然,“離婚時(shí),應(yīng)分清個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)、夫妻共同財(cái)產(chǎn)和家庭共同財(cái)產(chǎn)”[4],但是這并不意味著僅僅分割共同財(cái)產(chǎn),因?yàn)榧词辜s定夫妻婚后財(cái)產(chǎn)各自所有,仍然有家務(wù)補(bǔ)償,分擔(dān)子女撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)等問題,也就是說(shuō),個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)在離婚的時(shí)候并不必然全屬于個(gè)人,還有可能分出來(lái)給子女或者原來(lái)的配偶,不應(yīng)否認(rèn),這也算是對(duì)個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)的分割。所以,結(jié)論是,夫妻離婚時(shí)分割的不僅僅是夫妻的共同財(cái)產(chǎn),還包括一部分夫妻各自所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

此外,債務(wù)的清償、子女撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)的分擔(dān)、家務(wù)補(bǔ)償、經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助和損害賠償也是財(cái)產(chǎn)分割制度的內(nèi)容,因?yàn)檫@些都涉及到各方最終所分得的財(cái)產(chǎn)的數(shù)量。我國(guó)婚姻法第41條、最高人民法院關(guān)于適用《中華人民共和國(guó)婚姻法》若干問題的解釋(二)第23條,第25條對(duì)夫妻債務(wù)的清償進(jìn)行了規(guī)定,確屬個(gè)人債務(wù)的,由個(gè)人清償,共同債務(wù)共同連帶清償[5]?;橐龇ǖ?7條、第40條、第42條、第46條對(duì)離婚后子女撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)的負(fù)擔(dān)、家務(wù)補(bǔ)償、經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助、損害賠償分別作了規(guī)定。限于篇幅,在此不一一分述。

總之,法律和司法解釋的有關(guān)處理夫妻財(cái)產(chǎn)的具體規(guī)定,與人民法院處理夫妻財(cái)產(chǎn)的原則——男女平等原則、保護(hù)婦女兒童的合法權(quán)益原則、照顧無(wú)過錯(cuò)方原則、尊重當(dāng)事人意愿原則、保證生產(chǎn)和生活的正常進(jìn)行原則——一起,構(gòu)成了我國(guó)婚姻法的夫妻離婚后的財(cái)產(chǎn)分割制度。

2、我國(guó)夫妻離婚后的財(cái)產(chǎn)分割制度存在的問題

對(duì)我國(guó)婚姻法的夫妻離婚后的財(cái)產(chǎn)分割制度的內(nèi)容有了了解后,下面簡(jiǎn)單探討一下其中存在的問題。

第一個(gè)是照顧無(wú)過錯(cuò)方原則的存廢問題。照顧無(wú)過錯(cuò)方原則,簡(jiǎn)稱照顧原則,很多人贊成保留[5],也有學(xué)者主張廢除,認(rèn)為照顧原則沒有存在必要[6]。我同意后一種觀點(diǎn),照顧原則應(yīng)該廢除。但與孫若軍認(rèn)為“過錯(cuò)不易確定,照顧原則難以落實(shí)”,因而主張廢棄該原則不同,本人覺得婚姻法已經(jīng)規(guī)定了離婚損害賠償制度,有過錯(cuò)方要承擔(dān)損害賠償,再保留照顧無(wú)過錯(cuò)方原則沒有必要。紀(jì)要是有過錯(cuò)一方承擔(dān)損害賠償,又要在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)另一方進(jìn)行照顧,也有違公平原則,因?yàn)檫^錯(cuò)者已經(jīng)承擔(dān)了賠償責(zé)任,不應(yīng)再承受更多的不利。

第二個(gè)問題是家務(wù)補(bǔ)償制度存在的問題。這一問題在張素華女士“謀生技能作為夫妻共同財(cái)產(chǎn)的法理分析”一文中有明確論述,即婚姻法第40條家務(wù)補(bǔ)償?shù)南薅l件是“夫妻書面約定婚姻關(guān)系存續(xù)期間所得的財(cái)產(chǎn)歸各自所有”,在此情形下才能要求家務(wù)補(bǔ)償,“如果雙方約定僅針對(duì)婚前財(cái)產(chǎn),或者約定婚后財(cái)產(chǎn)為共同所有的,則不適用該條的規(guī)定”[7]。張素華認(rèn)為這樣的限定是不合理的,“該條件的限制使得夫妻一方很難行使家務(wù)補(bǔ)償權(quán)”[8]。本人同意這種觀點(diǎn)。

結(jié)論

通過以上論述可以看出,我國(guó)婚姻法關(guān)于夫妻離婚后的財(cái)產(chǎn)分割的規(guī)定是比較完善的,并且可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的離婚財(cái)產(chǎn)分割制度。但是,這一制度中也存在著問題,存在著爭(zhēng)論。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]張素華,謀生技能作為夫妻共同財(cái)產(chǎn)的法理分析,中州大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2007年1月。

[2]馬克思,《資本論》第五章:勞動(dòng)過程和價(jià)值增殖過程。

[3]劉洪,從現(xiàn)行的離婚財(cái)產(chǎn)分割來(lái)看我國(guó)夫妻財(cái)產(chǎn)制度的完善,華東政法學(xué)院碩士論文,p17,2001。

[4]同上,p16。

[5]蔣婉清,離婚精神損害賠償制度之研究,中國(guó)政法大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,p9,2005;劉洪,從現(xiàn)行的離婚財(cái)產(chǎn)分割來(lái)看我國(guó)夫妻財(cái)產(chǎn)制度的完善,華東政法學(xué)院碩士論文,p38,2001;王曉云,析離婚夫妻共同無(wú)形財(cái)產(chǎn)之股權(quán)分割,中國(guó)政法大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,p28,2006。

[6]孫若軍,論離婚損害賠償制度,法學(xué)家,2001年第5期。

篇(7)

申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位課程 招生簡(jiǎn)章

經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化,使得金融業(yè)在國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的重要性日益上升,也使公司與金融法成為各國(guó)法律體系中最重要的組成部分。金融業(yè)是一個(gè)以規(guī)則運(yùn)行為特征的特殊產(chǎn)業(yè)。實(shí)踐證明,經(jīng)過高素質(zhì)法律訓(xùn)練的人尤其適應(yīng)該行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與生存,因此,法律人往往會(huì)從事該行業(yè)工作,已經(jīng)具備其他專業(yè)知識(shí)背景的人員,如實(shí)現(xiàn)與法律專業(yè)知識(shí)的復(fù)合,成為復(fù)合型高端人才,則優(yōu)勢(shì)凸顯。具備傳統(tǒng)法律知識(shí)的人員,對(duì)于專業(yè)很強(qiáng)的公司與金融法律也有知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)型、更新和提升的需要。

浙江大學(xué)法學(xué)院為應(yīng)對(duì)這種社會(huì)需求,特開設(shè)公司與金融法碩士課程班,綜合浙江大學(xué)法學(xué)院和國(guó)內(nèi)高校、研究機(jī)構(gòu)及金融管理實(shí)務(wù)部門的優(yōu)質(zhì)資源,為學(xué)員提供碩士層面前沿?zé)狳c(diǎn)國(guó)內(nèi)外公司與金融法律知識(shí),使學(xué)員的公司與金融法理論和實(shí)務(wù)能力得到跨越式提升。

【課程對(duì)象】

公司、證券、銀行、保險(xiǎn)、信托、期貨、擔(dān)保、貸款公司等相關(guān)行業(yè)人員;公安、法院、檢察院、律師事務(wù)所及仲裁委等公司與金融法律從業(yè)者;政府金融辦、人民銀行等“一行三會(huì)”監(jiān)管官員。

專業(yè)背景不限,免試入學(xué)。

【課程設(shè)置】

法理學(xué)、法學(xué)前沿、碩士生英語(yǔ)、民法總論、物權(quán)法學(xué)、債權(quán)法學(xué)、商法、金融法、票據(jù)法、公司法、股權(quán)投資法、證券期貨法、保險(xiǎn)法、銀行法、投資基金法、信托法、國(guó)際金融法、金融刑法、行政法(金融監(jiān)管)、房地產(chǎn)法、民事訴訟與仲裁、貨幣金融專題、證券投資專題。

富有特色的實(shí)戰(zhàn)案例教學(xué),理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合,知識(shí)與能力并進(jìn)。

【學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間】

1年半,雙休日學(xué)習(xí)。

【證書頒發(fā)】

經(jīng)考核合格后頒發(fā)浙江大學(xué)同等學(xué)力申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位人員課程班結(jié)業(yè)證書。符合條件,通過考試和碩士論文答辯可獲得浙江大學(xué)法學(xué)碩士學(xué)位。

【課程費(fèi)用】

學(xué)費(fèi):21000元。

書本費(fèi):1000元。

教學(xué)地點(diǎn):浙江大學(xué)之江校區(qū)

【聯(lián)系電話】 010-51656177 010-51651981

篇(8)

人力資本理論形成于20世紀(jì)60年代,主要代表人物是美國(guó)著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家舒爾茨。他強(qiáng)調(diào),從經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的角度看,人的知識(shí)、技能和健康等人力資本的提高,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)比物質(zhì)資本和勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量的增加重要。

一、烏魯木齊人力資本投資現(xiàn)狀

2009年,烏魯木齊市戶籍人口達(dá)241.19萬(wàn)人,少數(shù)民族占到27.47%,其中男性人口124.78萬(wàn)人,占51.7%;女性人口116.41萬(wàn)人,占48.3%,性別比為107:100(以女性為100)。全年出生人口1.91萬(wàn)人,出生率為8‰;死亡人口0.74萬(wàn)人,死亡率為3.11‰;全年凈增人口1.17萬(wàn)人,自然增長(zhǎng)率為4.89‰。烏魯木齊從業(yè)人口占總?cè)丝诘谋戎匾妶D1。

(一)烏魯木齊人力資本教育及培訓(xùn)情況

1.教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入不足

《教育規(guī)劃綱要》明確提出,2012年國(guó)家財(cái)政性教育經(jīng)費(fèi)支出占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比例要達(dá)到4%。而從表1來(lái)看,烏魯木齊教育支出占GDP的比重在2008年僅為1.77%,低于全國(guó)2.90%的平均水平,籌措嚴(yán)重不足。2008年在西部省會(huì)城市教育支出占GDP比重的排名中,烏魯木齊排名第9,遠(yuǎn)低于《教育規(guī)劃綱要》明確規(guī)定的4%。

2.高等教育入學(xué)率較低

截至2009年年末,烏魯木齊共有各類學(xué)校623所,各類學(xué)校在校生達(dá)625816人,其中,普通高校在校生13.03萬(wàn)人,增長(zhǎng)12.03%(1995年為基年);中等專業(yè)在校生8.84萬(wàn)人,增長(zhǎng)7.84%;普通中學(xué)在校生25.66萬(wàn)人,增長(zhǎng)24.66%;小學(xué)在校生19.28萬(wàn)人,增長(zhǎng)18.28%。從表2可以看出,烏魯木齊的普通高中和高等教育規(guī)模逐年擴(kuò)大,同時(shí)也反映出中等專業(yè)教育和高等教育的規(guī)模增幅態(tài)勢(shì)。相比小學(xué)和普通高中的入學(xué)情況,中等專業(yè)教育和高等教育的增幅較弱,中等專業(yè)教育發(fā)展速度較慢。

3.教育培訓(xùn)供給形式單一

2009年安置就業(yè)5.93萬(wàn)人,創(chuàng)建充分就業(yè)社區(qū)65個(gè),啟動(dòng)了全國(guó)創(chuàng)業(yè)型城市創(chuàng)建工作,開展了大中專學(xué)生示范創(chuàng)業(yè)培訓(xùn)和5個(gè)重點(diǎn)片區(qū)就業(yè)人員職業(yè)培訓(xùn),完成各類培訓(xùn)8.7萬(wàn)人。發(fā)放小額擔(dān)保貸款9162萬(wàn)元,帶動(dòng)6847人實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)再就業(yè)。但培訓(xùn)仍然存在許多問題:辦學(xué)規(guī)模小,辦學(xué)范圍窄,辦學(xué)層次低,財(cái)力不足,特色不明顯;政府對(duì)社會(huì)辦學(xué)重視不夠,鼓勵(lì)、扶持力度不強(qiáng)。

(二)烏魯木齊科研開況

2009年末,烏魯木齊深入開展國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)示范城市創(chuàng)建活動(dòng),60項(xiàng)科技專利成功獲國(guó)家和自治區(qū)科技獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),專利申請(qǐng)量和授權(quán)量達(dá)到1065件和631件。安排應(yīng)用技術(shù)研究與開發(fā)資金3440萬(wàn)元,重點(diǎn)支持了120項(xiàng)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目和重大專項(xiàng),帶動(dòng)社會(huì)科技投入2.9億元,但總體比較,科研開發(fā)能力較弱。

(三)烏魯木齊人力資本的遷移情況

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),2009年烏魯木齊遷入58715人,遷出44009人。1990年烏魯木齊遷入34146人,遷出29419人,20年來(lái)烏魯木齊遷入人口增加了71.95%,其中跨省流動(dòng)人口增加了49.59%。流動(dòng)人口呈一種遞增的態(tài)勢(shì)。就現(xiàn)實(shí)情況來(lái)看,外來(lái)務(wù)工人員對(duì)烏魯木齊的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn),但如果對(duì)外來(lái)務(wù)工人員的管理跟不上社會(huì)發(fā)展的需求,就會(huì)對(duì)烏魯木齊的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生一定的負(fù)面影響。1.流動(dòng)人口對(duì)烏魯木齊城市的社會(huì)管理與治安產(chǎn)生一定的壓力;2.增加了烏魯木齊的就業(yè)壓力;3.外來(lái)務(wù)工人員的素質(zhì)低下,在一定程度上制約了烏魯木齊經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)和全面的發(fā)展。

(四)烏魯木齊醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生保健情況

2009年末,全市共有56.73萬(wàn)人參加城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn),56.29萬(wàn)人參加失業(yè)保險(xiǎn),全市共有1.96萬(wàn)家機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)單位78.02萬(wàn)人參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),18.03萬(wàn)個(gè)體靈活就業(yè)人員參加基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),1.57萬(wàn)人享受城鎮(zhèn)最低生活保障。但是,目前烏魯木齊衛(wèi)生醫(yī)療存在一些嚴(yán)峻的問題:1.藥品質(zhì)量有待提高;2.藥品、醫(yī)療價(jià)格高;3.醫(yī)療廣告泛濫成災(zāi);4.醫(yī)保程度有待提高。

二 、對(duì)策建議

(一)進(jìn)一步完善人力資本投入機(jī)制,增加人力資本存量,提高投資效率

對(duì)初等教育和中等教育應(yīng)盡可能免費(fèi),同時(shí),教育投資要補(bǔ)貼那些對(duì)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)具有較大正面影響的專業(yè)或?qū)W校,培養(yǎng)更多適應(yīng)本地經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的專業(yè)人才。對(duì)各類企業(yè)和單位的各種技術(shù)培訓(xùn),在單位投資為主的基礎(chǔ)上,可以通過各種激勵(lì)措施,提高受訓(xùn)者的投資回報(bào)率,增強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)力度。

(二)積極推進(jìn)人力資源配置市場(chǎng)化,優(yōu)化城市人才結(jié)構(gòu)

具體應(yīng)做到:1.增加人力資源市場(chǎng)的投入力度,建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化人力資源市場(chǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò);2.完善人力資源價(jià)格形成機(jī)制,開放具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和高層次人才資源的價(jià)格;3.改善市場(chǎng)環(huán)境,提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和效率,改革戶籍制度;4.建立正常的市場(chǎng)秩序;5.規(guī)范人力資源市場(chǎng)的中介組織。

(三)改善現(xiàn)行的教育與培訓(xùn)制度,提高人才素質(zhì)

政府應(yīng)該在重視義務(wù)教育改革的同時(shí)支持高等學(xué)校的發(fā)展,同時(shí),各高等學(xué)校應(yīng)根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求積極調(diào)整專業(yè)設(shè)置和辦學(xué)模式。

(四)加大教育投入

除了加大政府對(duì)教育的投資外,還要加大社會(huì)化教育投入。在國(guó)家公共教育投入不足的情況下,政府應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)社會(huì)辦學(xué),同時(shí),在學(xué)校中引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制,擴(kuò)大受教育者選擇學(xué)校的權(quán)利,允許受教育者在不同學(xué)校之間自由選擇。

(五)加大培訓(xùn)的力度

具體措施:1.適當(dāng)?shù)恼槿耄?.企業(yè)應(yīng)建立職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)制;3.充分發(fā)揮各類培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的作用。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]李桂華.人力資源管理 [M].北京:中國(guó)金融出版社,2005.

[2]朱新江.論人力資本投資與城市競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力――以浙江省湖州市為案例的研究 [D].浙江,浙江大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文,2004(1).

篇(9)

隔夜美股大漲,那么今天A股反彈是順理成章的事情,目前上證指數(shù)和創(chuàng)業(yè)板指數(shù)的位置處于背離狀態(tài),上證指數(shù)在低位震蕩,創(chuàng)業(yè)板在高位震蕩,今天上證指數(shù)大漲是大概率的事情,按照二八分化的規(guī)律,今天創(chuàng)業(yè)板指數(shù)走勢(shì)預(yù)期不會(huì)太強(qiáng),震蕩的概率大。

昨天出了大利好,了《關(guān)于改革完善仿制藥供應(yīng)保障及使用政策的意見》(簡(jiǎn)稱“《意見》”),分別從促進(jìn)仿制藥研發(fā)、提升仿制藥質(zhì)量療效、完善支持政策三個(gè)方面,對(duì)仿制藥供應(yīng)保障及使用提出了15條具體意見。業(yè)內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為,伴隨《意見》出臺(tái),圍繞仿制藥的支持政策將加快落地,通過仿制藥一致性評(píng)價(jià)的品種所涉及的醫(yī)保支付、優(yōu)先采購(gòu)及臨床中的優(yōu)先選用等問題有望得到進(jìn)一步落實(shí)解決。在此過程中,綜合實(shí)力領(lǐng)先的制藥公司將憑借高質(zhì)量的品種優(yōu)勢(shì)迎來(lái)新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

篇(10)

【關(guān)鍵詞】

保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì);發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀;制約因素;發(fā)展前景

1 國(guó)際保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及特點(diǎn)

現(xiàn)代保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)制度起源于英國(guó),距今已經(jīng)有上百年的歷史。目前在國(guó)際保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)上,保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)己成為一種成熟的保險(xiǎn)營(yíng)銷模式。通過這種制度的安排,投保人能受益于保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人的專業(yè)化服務(wù)和支持運(yùn)作系統(tǒng),保險(xiǎn)公司則能通過保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人系統(tǒng)集中資源于產(chǎn)品研發(fā)、保險(xiǎn)承保和間接的客戶服務(wù)上。保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人已成為保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)中不可或缺的組成部分,發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。

國(guó)際保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)市場(chǎng)的主要特點(diǎn)有:

(1)歷史悠久。歐美等國(guó)家的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)已有上百年的歷史,在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的發(fā)展和磨練中形成了制度完善、運(yùn)作規(guī)范、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有序的成熟保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)市場(chǎng)。

(2)業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)模大,市場(chǎng)份額高。在保險(xiǎn)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,保險(xiǎn)公司保險(xiǎn)收入的絕大部分來(lái)源于保險(xiǎn)中介,特別是保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人的占比很高。在英國(guó),財(cái)產(chǎn)險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域60%以上的市場(chǎng)被保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人控制,尤其是勞合社承保的業(yè)務(wù),全部由經(jīng)紀(jì)人承攬;荷蘭保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的市場(chǎng)份額達(dá)到60%以上;法國(guó)90%以上的工業(yè)保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目是通過保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

(3)服務(wù)范圍廣,專業(yè)性強(qiáng)。國(guó)際保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)不僅從事方案設(shè)計(jì)、保險(xiǎn)詢價(jià)、保險(xiǎn)安排等一般性的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)服務(wù),而且能夠?yàn)榭蛻籼峁╋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理咨詢等高附加值的服務(wù)。保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)擁有一批保險(xiǎn)和其他行業(yè)的專家,根據(jù)客戶對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障的需求提供專業(yè)顧問服務(wù)。

(4)市場(chǎng)集中度高。雖然保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量眾多,但在市場(chǎng)上占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位的卻是一些大公司,他們的業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)模大、網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋廣,在全球很多地方都設(shè)立了分支機(jī)構(gòu),并擁有全球保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)市場(chǎng)的大部分份額。根據(jù)Datamonitor資料來(lái)源,2009年世界前三大保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)公司(Marsh、Aon、Willis)的全球市場(chǎng)份額達(dá)到37.6%,市場(chǎng)高度集中。

(5)自律性強(qiáng)。在保險(xiǎn)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,監(jiān)管部門對(duì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人的監(jiān)管比較寬松,行業(yè)規(guī)范主要以保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)有效的自我約束和行業(yè)自律為主。很多國(guó)家都設(shè)立了保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人協(xié)會(huì)等行業(yè)自律組織,制定并監(jiān)督執(zhí)行行業(yè)規(guī)范和準(zhǔn)則,約束成員的市場(chǎng)行為,維護(hù)行業(yè)共同利益和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)規(guī)則。

2 我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及制約因素

2.1 我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

經(jīng)過十幾年的發(fā)展,我國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)行業(yè)與成立之初相比有了很大的提高,但整體實(shí)力還不強(qiáng),主要表現(xiàn)在:

(1)規(guī)模小,市場(chǎng)份額低。在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)及保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)快速發(fā)展的環(huán)境下,我國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)發(fā)展也取得了較好的成績(jī),傭金收入持續(xù)大幅增長(zhǎng),但與整體保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)相比,規(guī)模仍然很小,市場(chǎng)份額仍然較低。目前保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的市場(chǎng)份額不足3%,即使在保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)務(wù)集中的財(cái)產(chǎn)險(xiǎn)領(lǐng)域,市場(chǎng)份額也只有6%左右。保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)行業(yè)還沒有發(fā)展成為我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的重要組成部分,其影響和作用有限。

(2)經(jīng)營(yíng)模式較單一,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理等領(lǐng)域少有涉足。歐美等成熟國(guó)家的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì),其職能除了提供保險(xiǎn)安排和保險(xiǎn)索賠等服務(wù)外,還為客戶提供事前防災(zāi)防損建議、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與咨詢、保險(xiǎn)精算分析等增值服務(wù),充分體現(xiàn)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)作為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理專家的作用。而目前我國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)提供的服務(wù)仍以保險(xiǎn)詢價(jià)、保險(xiǎn)安排、協(xié)助理賠為主,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)力量和經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理咨詢業(yè)務(wù)少有涉足,保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的專業(yè)性發(fā)揮有限。

(3)經(jīng)營(yíng)層次低,以股東資源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為主。在我國(guó),股東型的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)成為保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)市場(chǎng)的主導(dǎo)力量,因此保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更多的是比較股東資源的多少和關(guān)系網(wǎng)的大小,而公司自身并沒有形成鮮明的經(jīng)營(yíng)特色,也缺乏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理、專業(yè)人才等核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。此外,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的手段也是以降低保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率和壓縮傭金率為主,保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的專業(yè)價(jià)值少有體現(xiàn)。

(4)產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新能力不足。在國(guó)際保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)上,保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)通??梢詤⑴c研發(fā)保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品。而目前我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)提供給客戶的基本是市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品,或者產(chǎn)品組合,或者在原有保單中增加一些必要的附加條款,或刪除一些保障作用小或者沒有實(shí)質(zhì)保障作用的條款,缺乏真正創(chuàng)新性的保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),同質(zhì)化經(jīng)營(yíng)較為普遍。

(5)專業(yè)人才匱乏。保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)行業(yè)是一個(gè)對(duì)綜合素質(zhì)要求很高的職業(yè),保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人不僅要具備保險(xiǎn)專業(yè)知識(shí)和豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),而且還要熟悉法律、金融、財(cái)務(wù)等方面的知識(shí),特別是作為風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理專家,需要在某一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域,例如航運(yùn)、電力等有著豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。而目前我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的員工大多來(lái)源于保險(xiǎn)公司的市場(chǎng)人員,具有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)的保險(xiǎn)專家屈指可數(shù)。保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)專業(yè)人才的不足在一定程度阻礙了保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)自身的功能發(fā)揮。

2.2 制約我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)發(fā)展的主要因素

(1)從投保人方面看。目前我國(guó)的國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)意識(shí)普遍不高, 對(duì)保險(xiǎn)需求層次較低,保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人發(fā)揮專業(yè)價(jià)值的空間較小。同時(shí),我國(guó)的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)尚處于起步階段,發(fā)展也受到客戶認(rèn)知的制約。

(2)從保險(xiǎn)公司方面看。在保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)制度尚未建立的時(shí)期,保險(xiǎn)公司承攬了銷售、承保、理賠等所有經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)節(jié),形成了“大而全”的經(jīng)營(yíng)模式,特別是在“以保費(fèi)論英雄”的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下,保險(xiǎn)公司之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)演化成為以營(yíng)銷能力為主導(dǎo)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),而弱化了產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、服務(wù)創(chuàng)新等核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。在這種背景下,以銷售為主要職能的保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人從一出生便面臨著保險(xiǎn)公司的排斥與抵制,原本的合作關(guān)系變?yōu)橹苯拥母?jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系,保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)營(yíng)困難不言而喻。

(3)從市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)及險(xiǎn)種結(jié)構(gòu)看,目前我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)公司數(shù)量少且市場(chǎng)高度集中,前三大保險(xiǎn)公司壟斷了保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的絕大部分市場(chǎng)份額,導(dǎo)致保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人的選擇空間小,而且在與保險(xiǎn)公司的談判時(shí)處于極其被動(dòng)的地位。從險(xiǎn)種結(jié)構(gòu)看,目前我國(guó)的車險(xiǎn)占比高達(dá)70%以上,形成一險(xiǎn)獨(dú)大的局面。車險(xiǎn)是相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單、固定的保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品,基本上不需要保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人的介入,而保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人可以發(fā)揮專業(yè)價(jià)值的其他領(lǐng)域,如責(zé)任險(xiǎn)、船舶險(xiǎn)、信用險(xiǎn)等,目前整體需求不高,規(guī)模不大,這也正是我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)整體市場(chǎng)份額低的主要原因。

(4)從監(jiān)管方面看。目前我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的法律法規(guī)仍不健全,表現(xiàn)在:一是對(duì)保險(xiǎn)公司的監(jiān)管上,監(jiān)管部門對(duì)條款費(fèi)率等方面限制較多,導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)上各家保險(xiǎn)公司的產(chǎn)品同質(zhì)化、費(fèi)率統(tǒng)一化,嚴(yán)重限制了保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品比較及價(jià)格談判的空間;二是對(duì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)公司的監(jiān)管上,法規(guī)操作細(xì)則仍不完善,政策不配套,如經(jīng)紀(jì)人傭金無(wú)明確標(biāo)準(zhǔn),缺乏保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)行業(yè)自律組織等。

3 我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的發(fā)展前景

保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)在中國(guó)是一個(gè)新興產(chǎn)業(yè),也是一個(gè)朝陽(yáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)。雖然目前比較弱小,但保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)的發(fā)展和壯大是中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)與世界接軌的必然趨勢(shì),未來(lái)的發(fā)展前景廣闊。

首先,從外部因素來(lái)看。我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展是保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)未來(lái)增長(zhǎng)的基礎(chǔ),保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)作為保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的一環(huán),也必然在保險(xiǎn)業(yè)巨大的增長(zhǎng)空間中取得快速發(fā)展;國(guó)民保險(xiǎn)意識(shí)的不斷增強(qiáng)及對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障需求層次的逐步提高,必然會(huì)擴(kuò)大對(duì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的需求;保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)銷分離、專業(yè)化發(fā)展的方向,也會(huì)帶來(lái)保險(xiǎn)公司經(jīng)營(yíng)理念和方式的轉(zhuǎn)變,為保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的價(jià)值發(fā)揮提供空間;法律法規(guī)政策的不斷健全和完善,為保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)的快速、規(guī)范發(fā)展提供制度保障。

其次,從保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)本身的作用和價(jià)值來(lái)看。保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人的專業(yè)性有利于解決市場(chǎng)中的“信息不對(duì)稱”問題,一方面保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人可加強(qiáng)對(duì)被保險(xiǎn)人利益的保護(hù),另一方面由于保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人對(duì)被保險(xiǎn)人及其所處行業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更為了解,也有利于降低保險(xiǎn)公司的承保風(fēng)險(xiǎn);保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人也有利于降低保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的交易成本;有利于促進(jìn)保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的創(chuàng)新;有利于整個(gè)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)的規(guī)范化經(jīng)營(yíng)與發(fā)展;同時(shí)也是迎合中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)市場(chǎng)盡快與國(guó)際接軌的需要。

近兩年,中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)監(jiān)督管理委員會(huì)陸續(xù)出臺(tái)了一系列的政策,如鼓勵(lì)和支持保險(xiǎn)中介集團(tuán)化發(fā)展,加強(qiáng)清理整頓保險(xiǎn)中介市場(chǎng),提高保險(xiǎn)中介的準(zhǔn)入門檻等,這些政策皆有利于保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)的規(guī)?;?、專業(yè)化和規(guī)范化發(fā)展。我們認(rèn)為,與西方保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)發(fā)展歷程相比,我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)極有可能出現(xiàn)跨越式的發(fā)展,這個(gè)發(fā)展速度將會(huì)伴隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和整個(gè)保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展得到迅猛提升。同時(shí),由于電銷、網(wǎng)銷等新興渠道的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)使得我國(guó)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)無(wú)法達(dá)到西方保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)的高峰水平。

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

[1]《保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)理論與實(shí)務(wù)》,唐運(yùn)祥,2000

[2]《中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)業(yè):矛盾、挑戰(zhàn)與對(duì)策》,孫祁祥,2000

[3]《中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)中介市場(chǎng)問題研究》,魏華林,保險(xiǎn)研究,2002(6)

[4]《論保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展》,孟龍,保險(xiǎn)研究,2000(12)

[5]《保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究》,李昊軒,碩士論文,2005

篇(11)

2.1 Theoretical foundation of Skopos Theory 2

2.2 Basic aspects of Skopos Theory 3

2.2.1 Basic rules of Skopos Theory 3

2.2.2 Adequacy and equivalence viewed from a Skopos perspective 4

3.The purposes and functions of advertising 6

3.1 Definition of advertising 6

3.2 The purposes and functions of advertising 7

4.Common problems existing in advertising translation 9

4.1 Problems of language 9

4.1.1 Linguistic untranslatability 9

4.1.2 The misuse of words 10

4.2 Cultural differences 11

4.2.1 Differences in cultural allusions 11

4.2.2 Different attitudes towards animals 11

5.Basic strategies of advertising translation under the guidance of Skopos Theory 12

5.1 Strategies on language 12

5.1.1 The Use of rhetorical devices 12

5.1.2 Change the original form 13

5.2 Strategies on culture 14

5.3 Strategies on consumer’s psychology 14

6.Conclusion 16

Acknowledgements 17

References 18

1.Introduction

In this competitive modern world, advertising has become an important part of our daily life. The furious international exchanges and the severe competition involve an increasing need for advertising and thus of advertising translation. Cross-cultural advertising translation has become a hot topic in the world of translation. It has a great influence on the international trade, products intercourse and so on.

An increasing number of scholars of translation, both at home and abroad, have different opinions on advertising translation. However, the study of advertising translation is far from being satisfactory. As a break with the traditional translation ideas and a vital complement to translation studies, the functionalist concept of translation put forward by some German scholars has opened up a new perspective to the study of advertising translation. According to Vermeer’s “Skopos Theory”, any form of international action may be considered as an action, and any action has its purpose.

This thesis is under the guidance of Skopos Theory. So the concrete objectives of the thesis are: (1) Making a comprehensive introduction and analysis of Skopos Theory, clarifying the theoretical basis for this thesis. (2) Discussing the definition, purpose and function of advertising before going on further reach. (3) Finding and analyzing some problems in the current advertising translation. (4) Advocating some specific and practical strategies in advertising translation through providing some new examples on the basis of this guiding theory.

2.Skopos Theory

2.1 Theoretical foundation of Skopos Theory

Before we get down to the basic aspects and rules of Skopos Theory, it is necessary for us to approach the nature of translating from the perspective of functionalism. Skopos Theory is founded on the basis of the action theory introduced by Holz-Manttari who conceives translation as an intentional action.

“The 1970s and 1980s saw a move away from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts and the emergence and flourishing in Germany of a functionalist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation” 73.   

Skopos Theory has also taken its root in the action theory. As Vermeer defines, human action is an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation 77. And this is what is called the model of translational action, which views translation as a purpose-driven, outcome-oriented human interaction. It also focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds involving intercultural transfer. Translational action focuses a lot on producing a target text which is functionally communicative for the receivers.    

In Vermeer’s words, it is “an intentional, interpersonal, partly intercultural interaction based on a source text” [3]18. For a deeper study on how Skopos Theory differentiates itself from the traditional translation theories, it is necessary for us to take a closer look at the basic aspects of Skopos Theory.

2.2 Basic aspects of Skopos Theory

2.2.1 Basic rules of Skopos Theory

In Skopos Theory, translation is viewed not as a process of transcending, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose, and the word Skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a translation. 

There are basically three rules constituting the Skopos Theory of Vermeer, namely the Skopos rule, intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence. The Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule and the other two are subordinate to the Skopos rule. Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in the following way:  

Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function[3]29.  

While, the Skopos rule does not offer any general principle to translators about how to do his translating job, what translation strategy to adopt, or what translation style to choose. They can only be determined according to the specific Skopos ready to be achieved by a specific translation. All the choices the translator makes must be guided by and must serve the Skopos. In this sense, this rule is helpful in solving the eternal dilemmas of dichotomy existing dynamic in the translation methods such as free vs. literal translation and vs. formal translation.[3]29 The choice of the translation strategies depends on the purpose for which the translation is needed.

The second rule is the coherence rule, or in Vermeer’s terms, “intratextual coherence”, which means that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation. Intratextual coherence means the receiver should be able to understand it, and it should make sense in the communicative situation and culture in which it is received. In the translating as a cross-cultural interaction, the target text receivers in the target culture remain a very important factor; if the target text fails to make sense to the target receivers, the Skopos of the overall translation action will prove vain. In this sense, a communicative interaction can only be successful if the receivers interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their situation or even “part of the receiver’s situation” [3]32.

So in the translation of advertising, the contextual factors surrounding the translation should not be ignored. These factors include the culture of intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it, in particular, the function that the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. 

The third rule of the Skopos Theory is called “intertextual coherence” or “fidelity”. Such a kind of fidelity is involved in the concept of translation in the Skopos Theory. It refers to intertextual coherence between the translated text and the source text. Since a translation is regarded as an offer of information (target language text) about a preceding offer of information (source language text) in the Skopos Theory, there must be a certain kind of relationship between the target language text and the source language text[3]34.

With the fear that a measureless deviation from the source text may occur in the name of the Skopos, Nord suggests the “function plus loyalty” maxim as a supplement for the Skopos Theory to prevent “radical functionalism” [4]11. Different from fidelity that calls for the intertextual coherence between source and target text, loyalty refers to the responsibilities held by the translator for the initiator, the source text producer and the target receiver. This rule limits the range of reasonable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation brief between translators and their clients. Under this rule, it is illegal for the translator to produce the target text entirely at his client’s will, without taking into consideration the factors of the source text producer and the target receivers.

2.2.2 Adequacy and equivalence viewed from a Skopos perspective

Traditionally, equivalence is followed as the guiding principle of translation process. Assuming this, a translator’s task is to provide the target-text addressees with the same amount of information as the source-text producer. However, source-text addressees and target-text addressees belong to different cultures and language communities, which mean equivalence is hard to completely achieve. Based on the concept of equivalence, Reiss developed her idea on “adequacy” which gives a new view of the translator’s task “what the translator does is to offer another kind of information in another form.”[5]123

According to Reiss, adequacy refers to the “goal-oriented selection of signs that are c onsidered appropriate for the communicative purpose defined in the translation assignment” 12.

In contrast, equivalence is a static, result-oriented concept describing a relationship of “equal communicative value” between two texts or on lower ranks, between words, phrases, sentences, syntactic structures and so on. For Reiss, the general concept is adequacy, not equivalence. Equivalence may be one possible aim when translating but it is not held to be a translation principle valid once and for all [6]28.

3.The purposes and functions of advertising

 

3.1 Definition of advertising

The word “advertising” derives from the Latin word “advert ere”, which means “the way of drawing attention from the public to something and persuading it to a certain direction.” [7]7 Since the word “advertising” became popular in the commercial world in the seventeenth century, definitions about it have been diverse in version. With economic development and social progress, the meaning of advertisements is also changing and increasingly enriched. According to Webster’s Dictionary, advertising is the activity of calling something to the attention of the pubic, especially by paid announcements. 

Harris and Seldon define advertising as “a public notice designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services.” [7]7

American Marketing Association (AMA) defines advertising as “the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services, or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media.” [8]1

Association of National Advertisers (ANA) states that advertising is “a paid form of mass communication, aiming at offering information, altering others’ attitudes to advertised products, inducing others to get action and at last making profits for the advertisers.” [9]120

From the above definitions of advertising, we can come to the conclusion that advertising should have the following features:

First, advertising should include the basic information about the product or service and it has a certain target audience. Second, advertising depends on all kinds of mass media (e.g. newspaper, magazine, radio, television, Internet), at least a medium used. Third, advertising is persuasive in nature, and it aims at persuading people that the advertised product will certainly benefit them. Forth, advertising is non-personal which indicates that advertising is directed to groups of people rather than individuals and message appears in the mass media. Fifth, advertising is a type of mass communication between certain sponsors and a certain target audience.

According to the purpose and perspective of this thesis, I tentatively define advertising as follows: advertising is one form of marketing. It urges people to purchase a product, service, or accept a new concept for the sake of sales of promotion. Meanwhile, advertising is an effective way for product producers to communicate the message of their products or services to the potential consumers. It tries its best to provoke the interest of potential consumers and induce them to try new products or suggest reuse. Besides, advertising can help consumers be familiar with products or services and provide opportunity to choose.

3.2 The purposes and functions of advertising

From the above definition of advertising, we can learn the purposes and the main functions of advertising. It is no doubt that the ultimate purpose of advertising is to persuade potential consumers to make a choice between the same products of different brands and take action to buy a certain product or service. The American Marketing Manager’s Handbook points out that an advertisement should cover four basic purposes: AIDA, which represents four words respectively: Attention, Interest, Desire and Action [10] 13-14.

There are many functions of advertising, and the basic function of advertising is to convey information about products, services or concepts to the public. Consumers can be aware of the products and services newly provided through advertising. What’s more, consumers may be influenced to some degree during their choice of products or services. The informative function of a dvertising is one of the most important functions as it can boost sales, strengthen competition, and hasten production and connect with the market

Advertising is an art of persuasion. As Tanaka Keiko points out, “information is subordinated to persuasion” [11]36. The purpose of advertisers conveying information to audience is not for increasing the audience’s knowledge but for selling their goods successfully. They just want to convince the audience that their products are better than other similar ones in some aspects, and if the audience takes action to buy these products they can be well satisfied because their products are of high quality. So we can say that the ultimate purpose of an advertisement is to influence people and persuade them to buy products or services advertised, and the other functions are subordinated to it and serve for advertising’s ultimate purpose.

Further more, it has the function of communication. Along with sales promotion, public relations and personal selling, advertising is one of the vehicles employed by a business or an organization to communicate with its customers. Advertising had been regarded as “news about products or services” before 1890s [12]91, which had been the main function of advertising before the 20th century when products were not abundant enough. It provides the customers with the latest information about certain goods or service to the public. Therefore, it is a form of mass communication. It conveys information of products, services and concepts to consumers. It plays a role of connecting advertisers with consumers so as to achieve communication between them in the market place.

Besides, it has the Social function. Advertising has a number of social roles: it increases productivity and raises the living standard; it reflects fashion and design trends, and contributes to the cultivation of our aesthetic consciousness and taste, etc. It is quite clear that advertising has directly or indirectly enlarged sales strengthened competition, improved production and management, and linked up market conditions, in short, it has developed economy.

To reach all these functions, all advertisers face a great challenge: how to design or create a successful advertising. Lund put forward five tasks for advertising as AIDCA. That is to say, the language of advertising should be able to “attract attention, arouse interest, stimulate desire, create conviction, and get action.” [13]49. To put it more clearly, a good advertising should be able to attract consumers’ attention, arouse their great interest toward the product or service advertised, stimulate their desire to buy, help them to memorize the product or service, and finally encourage and convince them to take purchasing action.

4.Common problems existing in advertising translation

Due to the ongoing reform and opening policy, advertising in recent years has led to the emergence of a large quantity of the advertising translation. As such materials play an important role in culture and information exchanges, the quality of advertising translation has got more and more attention from the translation field. However, in the research, the author still finds out there exists some mistakes in the advertising translation. Such mistakes are either due to translators’ carelessness or due to their incapability. Thus, the translation they yield contains a lot of mistakes or inappropriateness. Some translators do not have a practical theory to guide their process of translation. They think if they finish translating the materials word for word, then they do the job. They are not aware of the cultural differences or don’t take readers’ response into serious consideration. As a result, the translation of advertising is in urgent need of improvement. Those mistakes will, of course, affect China’s international image and our advertising to an extent. There are many problems existing in present advertising translation, while the typical ones may the problem of language and culture.

4.1 Problems of language

4.1.1 Linguistic untranslatability

There are many differences existing in phonetic, lexical, grammar and semantic between source language and translated language. Undoubtedly, it causes the difficulty to find a perfect expression to reappear the source language’s characteristics. We may ignore the form or implication of the translation and losing the sense of beauty. That is linguistic untranslatability. Linguistic untranslatability occurs typically in the cases that an ambiguity peculiar to the source text is a functionally relevant feature, esp. in the cases of figure of speech, such as puns, homophone. Some advertising language uses the humorous and interesting pun to advertise the products. The translated text is required to reach the same effect as the original text, which is difficult, even impossible. The double meanings of the pun are difficult to translate, sometimes are impossible to translate.

Example1: 默默無(wú)蚊(聞)的奉獻(xiàn)(mosquito-repellent incense ad)

Example2: 騎(其)樂無(wú)窮,樂在騎(其)中(motor-bike ad)

Example3: 月季花油,肴肴(遙遙)領(lǐng)先(鮮)。

蚊and聞, 騎and其,肴肴and遙遙, 先and鮮share the same pronunciation, but have different forms and meanings. They are so difficult to translate accurately and faithfully.

4.1.2 The misuse of words

Accuracy in advertising translation is basically lexical. The translator could apply the grammar flexibly and expertly within limits to strengthen the logic of the text. But the words must be accurate. How to convey the information appropriately to customers? The most important is that translators should be careful and be sure each word used is correct. Sometimes the misuse of words in advertising translation is fatal to the sale of products.

For example, 本品已向中國(guó)人名保險(xiǎn)公司進(jìn)行質(zhì)量及食品衛(wèi)生責(zé)任保險(xiǎn)——老四川五香牛肉干。(This product has been to be insured for the foodstuff quality and hygiene by the China People’s Insurance Company.)

 This advertising aims to indicate that there would be no problem or danger after eating the food. But “be to do sth” means that the producer has been trying to get this product insured but not actually realized. Besides, “insure” must be followed with “against”. It can be corrected as: “This product has been insured against any food accident.”

Some products are good enough that people won’t forget them after using. So introductions and translations make an issue of sales. And correct using of words shows its importance.

4.2 Cultural differences

4.2.1 Differences in cultural allusions

Allusion is the quoting of remarks of past famous men, or mentioning of well-known events or myths in literature. The use of allusion has the same rhetorical effect as epigram. One more effect is that, as the classical allusion is well-known with high content of literature, using them can help portray an image of well-learnt business persons [14]27. However, such allusion-employed advertising would not bring the same function to the target reader in the target market. Thus the translation should be adaptive to the target reader with its own culture.

Example 1   紅豆(shirt)——Love-Pea shirt(not red-pea shirt)

Example 2   Nike——耐克(不是奈可或者耐科)

Nike is the name of Victory goddess in Greek myth. And we all know that  “耐” means “wearable” and “克” means “victory” in China. It seems a coincidence that Nike is the name of goddess of victory. Undoubtedly, it is a perfect translation.

4.2.2 Different attitudes towards animals

It is known to all that animals in different culture have different symbols. These words are heavily culture-loaded words, so in advertising translation, this group of words always causes problems and misunderstandings. Therefore this group of words belongs to conflict words, and translators often make mistakes in these words.

 Example 1 鴛鴦——Lovebirds (not Mandarin Ducks)

Example 2 喜鵲——Lucky bird (not Magpie)

Example 3 He just killed the last dragon! ——柯達(dá)膠卷,屬于你的家庭歡樂(而不是他殺了最后一條龍)

“Dragon” is the symbol of an evil and cruel monster in the Western culture. The kill of the last dragon symbolizes victory of venture and courage. However, in Chinese culture,“龍”is something holy and propitious, and it symbolizes the spirit of the Chinese people.

5.Basic strategies of advertising translation under the guidance of Skopos Theory

The purpose of advertising translation is to attract the attention of the consumers, inform them the advantages of the advertised product, arouse their buying desire, and finally make purchase. It is clearly Skopos-oriented. Therefore, which strategy should be used is totally decided by the final purpose of commercial advertising. As long as it can help realize the desired purpose of the translation, the strategy would be successful. To the best of my understanding, the following three strategies are the most useful and successful.

5.1 Strategies on language

In order to leave a deep impression on the consumer, advertising must be readable, eye-catching and attractive. In this way, the image, quality and value of the product or service can be remembered and the consumer will be stimulated to buy. So the language of advertising plays an important role in influencing and persuading the consumer to take action.

5.1.1 The Use of rhetorical devices

Rhetorical devices are very efficient linguistic means for both Chinese and English advertising to achieve the special purpose. There are a great number of devices such as Personification, Simile, Metaphor, Repetition, Parody, Pun and so on. It is no exaggeration to say that the success of an advertisement has much to do with proper use of rhetorical d evices as well as original use of words, phrases, and sentences.

For example: 磁舊換芯,用心換心(IC Card ad)

In this example, both pun and parody are applied to in the advertising. It is easy to find that “磁舊換芯”is a copy of a Chinese idiom“辭舊迎新”,which means to say good-bye to the outmoded chip for an IC card, since“辭”and“磁”,“新”and“芯”,are homonyms in Chinese, and they have the same pronunciation. In the latter part of the advertising,“心”has two implications. It can refer to“心”(the heart) and“芯”(the chip), since“心”and“芯” are also homonyms. So“用心換心”can be understood in the following ways: a) to renew the old chip; b) to serve the consumers heart and soul. With the help of these two rhetorical devices, this advertising creates a very humorous touch and makes the advertising coherent, readable and fascinating.

5.1.2 Change the original form

In advertising translation, a translator should bear in mind the fact that the utmost goal should be the fulfillment of the communicative purpose. In order to achieve this goal, one should exhaust every possible means to attract readers. Sometimes, the original form has to be changed in the target text, and imitation is one of the ways of doing so. By imitation, we mean to transform the original ads with the help of target expressions familiar to the intended readers, as popular set phrases, proverbs, poem lines and four-character words. For example, the four-character compounds usually convey profound sense in very simple structure with strong rhythm and rhyme.

Example1: Safe, easy, quick & with fun!     ——安全便捷,妙趣橫生!

Example2: Nescafe, good to the last drop!  ——雀巢咖啡,滴滴香濃!

Example3: Sense and Simplicity(Philips)  ——科技在內(nèi),簡(jiǎn)易在外!

In the third example, if we translate the advertising literally as “理性與簡(jiǎn)單”, the consumers may feel confused and incoherent. As long as we think carefully, we could find that the advertiser tries to inform the consumer that this product is full of intelligence, but its design is plain and concise, so consumers can use it easily and conveniently. Therefore, the product has rich sense inside and at the same time a concise appearance outside. So the translation “科技在內(nèi),簡(jiǎn)易在外” is not only attractive but also logical and coherent.

From these examples we could find that the Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule in advertising translation. The intratextual coherence and intertextual coherence are subordinate to the Skopos rule, but they are also quite vital and necessary. To sum up, the perfect employment of the basic rules of Skopos Theory makes perfect advertising translation.

5.2 Strategies on culture

   People in a given culture share certain idea about the “correctness” of a peculiar act of behavior or a particular mode of expressions. The differences between cultures also involve different thought patterns, aesthetic values, etc., on a deep level that are culture-specific. According to skopos Theory, the target-language-culture oriented strategy is the basic strategy of advertising translation. Therefore, the translator should not ignore the target culture.

For example:One drop for beauty; Two drops for a lover; Three drops for an affair.

1. 一滴是為了美,兩滴是為了情人,三滴足以招致一次風(fēng)流事

2. 法國(guó)名牌香水,男士摯愛的香水

Sexiness is a popular topic in Western countries while in China it is usually a taboo. If the advertising of Flordric perfume is translated literally into Chinese,it will be unacceptable in China. That is because in Chinese moral concept, sex is closely associated with obscenity and debauch, and sex attraction out of marriage is generally indecent and unpardonable. In addition, Chinese Advertising Act also regulates that any content and scene related to obscenity are not allowed in advertisements[15]42. In order to enter the Chinese market and persuade Chinese consumers to buy it, target-language-culture oriented strategies are taken in translating this advertisement. The original advertisement is adapted as“法國(guó)名牌香水,男士摯愛的香水”, which not only caters to the Chinese psychology of worship in French perfume but also shows its particular quality. As a result, Flordric perfume enters Chinese market successfully and has been favored by a lot of Chinese people.

5.3 Strategies on consumer’s psychology

Different cultural backgrounds have different consuming psychologies. For instance, French Women drink mineral water to keep their slender figure; German women drink it because it is healthy; English women drink it because it is considered trendy. Therefore, advertising must be adapted to stress these different marketing objectives, and to be specific, different countries have different psychological needs of consumers.

 If you live in China for years, you can easily find that some characters are favored by the Chinese consumers very much, such as“寶” 、“貝” 、“金” (treasure), “樂” 、“喜” (pleasure), “福” (happiness), “發(fā)”(fortune), “達(dá)”(eminence), “順”(smoothness), “利” (profit ) , “美” (beauty, perfect) and so on. These characters and phrases can easily strike the Chinese consumers’ heart and stimulate their desire to buy the advertised products. In order to cater for Chinese consumer’s psychology, many well-known multinational corporations adopt these strategies. For example:

    BMW (automobile)寶馬               Ford (automobile)福特

    Mazda(automobile)馬自達(dá)             Amway(medicine) 安利

Mild Seven (cigarette)萬(wàn)事發(fā)           Adidas(sport product)阿迪達(dá)斯

Rococo(chocolate) 樂可可             Cadbury(chocolate)吉百利

BEINMATE(baby product)貝因美       7-up(drink)七喜

    Coca Cola(drink)可口可樂             Holsten( beer)豪順

    Tesco (super market)樂購(gòu)              P&G(makeup)寶潔

DANONE(biscuit) 達(dá)能               Goldlion( tie)金利來(lái)

Lay’s Potato Chips(potato chips) 樂事薯片   

Similarly,when we translate the Chinese advertising, we should also pay more attention to the foreign consumer’s psychology.

For example:藕粉,營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,科學(xué)精制而成。——Lotus root starch , it is very nutritious , a scientifically and highly finished product.

This product is not favored by foreign consumers because the translation cannot cater for the consumer’s psychology. In English, the “starch” means a white substance that is found in quite large amount in bread, potatoes, etc. It implies that this product contains a lot of sugar and will make people fat after eating it. Besides, “scientifically and highly finished” may cause the misunderstanding that the product is man-made, because western people prefer natural food.

6.Conclusion

Nowadays, advertising has become an important part of our daily life. With the rapid development of international business and multinational companies, there is a growing need for efficient international advertising communication and translation. As a branch of translation study, advertising translation has its own laws and demands a systematic study. This thesis tries to study the common problem and basic strategies of advertising translation from the perspective of Skopos Theory.

Since it is important to meet the expectation of the target language consumers as to what advertising should be like, the evaluation of advertising translation relies completely on the target audiences’ responses. In order to achieve the intended purpose of buying action from target consumers, a specific translation theory, Skopos Theory, was proposed.

In this thesis, a tentative study of advertising translation is made to provide a basic strategy for advertising translation. The Skopos Theory is not perfect, but it is brave enough to challenge the traditional translation ideas and makes great contributions to translation studies. The Skopos Theory sheds new lights on the translation field and frees people from the traditional disputes on concepts (such as equivalence) by providing them a new way of thinking.

From what have been mentioned above, we can come to a conclusion that the Skopos Theory is the inherent guiding principle for advertising translation, and the translator can employ it as the guidance when translating advertising. Skopos Theory throws light on the translation of advertising and the Skopos rule is the most important criterion in judging the quality of the advertising translation when its nature is taken into consideration. In short, perfect employment of Skopos Theory makes perfect advertising translation. So it is advisable to make full use of Skopos Theory in advertising translation. Only in this way, can we translate the advertising perfectly and achieve the ultimate purpose of advertising: to persuade potential consumers to make a choice between the same products of different brands and take action to buy a certain product or service or accept a new concept successfully.

Acknowledgements

I am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Xia Junsuo, who, in spite of his being fully occupied, devoted much time and energy to revising and commenting on this thesis. Without his strict guidance, constant encouragement and valuable suggestions, this thesis would not have taken its present shape.

  I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the other teachers in the Languages and Literature College of Zhe Jiang University of Science and Technology, from whom I have undoubtedly benefited a great deal. In the past for years, they enlightened me and helped me in one way or another.

Last but not least, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my family and my friends for their concern and encouragement during my thesis writing and in my life. They are the source of confidence and strength for me to ove rcome difficulties in study and life.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

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